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Prussia and Germany before 1870
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1805  French victories over Russia and Austria
1806  End of Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon establishes the Confederation of the Rhine.
         Fourth war of coalition sets Prussia, Russia and Britain against France.
         French victories over Prussia
1807  Peace of Tilsit between France and Russia ends war. Prussia reduced to rump state.
         Stein appointed first minister in Prussia and begins process of reforms
1812  Napoleon invades Russia. Retreat begins October
1813  Prussia declares war on France in March; Austria declares war on France in August.
         Oct France defeated in battle at Leipzig
1815  Napoleon defeated at Waterloo.
         Congress of Vienna: German Confederation established
1817  German Student Association (Burschenschaften) organise nationalist festival at Wartburg
1820  Vienna ‘Final Act’ establishes greater control of Confederation over affairs of individual states
1832  Nationalist festival in Hambach
1833  Zollverein (customs union) agreed; comes into operation in 1834
1840  Frederick William IV becomes King of Prussia
1847  Meeting of the Prussian United Diet in Berlin
1848  Outbreak of revolution in the German lands, German National Assembly convenes
         in Frankfurt in May
1849  Frederick William IV rejects offer of hereditary emperorship of Germany
         by German National Assembly. Counter-revolution, including use of Prussian
         and other troops against rebels in smaller states
1850  Mar Frederick William IV summons a German Parliament to Erfurt.
         July peace agreed between Prussia and Denmark. November.
         Prussia abandons its ‘Erfurt Union’ plan and agrees to accept authority
         of Confederation.
         Dec Austrian Chancellor, Schwarzenberg, abandons plan to include
         all of Habsburg Empire in Confederation
1851  Confederation formally restored; Bismarck appointed first Prussian ambassador to Federal Diet
1853  Zollverein renewed for further 12 years. Austria unable to form Austro-German
         customs union, settles for commercial treaty with Zollverein
1859  War of France and Piedmont against Austria
1860  Prussian Minister of War, Albert von Roon, introduces military reforms
1862  Bismarck recalled from his recent appointment as Prussian ambassador to France
         and appointed Minister-President in midst of constitutional conflict
1864  War of Austria and Prussia against Denmark
1866  January: renewal of Zollverein on low tariff basis which ensures continued
         exclusion of Austria-Hungary. War of Italy and Prussia against Austria.
         By Treaty of Prague (August) Austria agrees to her exclusion from Germany.
         Prussia annexes Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Hesse-Cassel and Frankfurt.
         The North German Confederation established
1870-1 War of Prussia and other German states against France.
1871  German Second Empire proclaimed 1871

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